Antioxidants attenuate hyperglycaemia-mediated brain endothelial cell dysfunction and blood–brain barrier hyperpermeability

Aims: Hyperglycaemia (HG), in stroke patients, is associated with worse neurological outcome by compromising endothelial cell function and the blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity. We have studied the contribution of HG-mediated generation of oxidative stress to these pathologies and examined whether antioxidants as well as normalization of glucose levels following hyperglycaemic insult reverse these phenomena. Methods: Human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) and human astrocyte co-cultures were used to simulate the human BBB. The integrity of the BBB was measured by transendothelial electrical resistance using STX electrodes and an EVOM resistance meter, while enzyme activities were measured by specific spectrophotometric assays. Results: After 5 days of hyperglycaemic insult, there was a significant increase in BBB permeability that was reversed by glucose normalization. Co-treatment of cells with HG and a number of antioxidants including vitamin C, free radical scavengers and antioxidant enzymes including catalase and superoxide dismutase mimetics attenuated the detrimental effects of HG. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and protein kinase C but not phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3 kinase) also reversed HG-induced BBB hyperpermeability. In HBMEC, HG enhanced pro-oxidant (NAD(P)H oxidase) enzyme activity and expression that were normalized by reverting to normoglycaemia. Conclusions: HG impairs brain microvascular endothelial function through involvements of oxidative stress and several signal transduction pathways.

High glucose mediates prooxidant and antioxidant enzyme activities in coronary endothelial cells

Objective: Excess levels of free radicals such as nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion (O2-)are associated with the pathogenesis of endothelial cell dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. This study was designed to investigate the underlying causes of oxidative stress in coronary microvascular endothelial cells (CMEC) exposed to hyperglycaemia. Methods: CMEC were cultured under normal (5.5 mmol/L) or high glucose (22 mmol/L)concentrations for 7 days. The activity and expression (protein level) of eNOS, iNOS, NAD(P)H oxidase and antioxidant enzymes, namely, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutahione peroxidase (GPx) were investigated by specific activity assays and Western analyses,respectively while the effects of hyperglycaemia on nitrite and O2 - generation were investigated by Griess reaction and cytochrome C reduction assay, respectively. Results: Hyperglycaemia did not alter eNOS or iNOS protein expressions and overall nitrite generation, an index of NO production. However, it significantly reduced the levels of intracellular antioxidant glutathione by 50% (p<0.05) and increased the protein expressions and/or activities of p22-phox, a membrane-bound component of pro-oxidant NAD(P)H oxidase and antioxidant enzymes (p<0.05). Free radical-scavengers, namely, Tiron and MPG (0.1-1 mol/L) reduced hyperglycaemia-induced antioxidant enzyme activity and increased glutathione and nitrite generation to the levels observed in CMEC cultured in normoglycaemic medium (p<0.01). The differences in enzyme activity and expressions were independent of the increased osmolarity generated by high glucose levels as investigated by using equimolar concentrations of mannitol in parallel experiments. Conclusions: These results suggest that hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress may arise in CMEC as a result of enhanced prooxidant enzyme activity and diminished generation of 3 antioxidant glutathione. By increasing the antioxidant enzyme capacity CMEC may protect themselves against free radical-induced cell damage in diabetic conditions. The definitive version is available at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com